Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory--
Use of a Modified Ultrasonic Nebulizer for the Analysis of Low Ionic-Strength Water
by Inductively Coupled Optical Emission Spectrometry

Open-File Report 97-382

LIST OF FIGURES

1-3.Diagrams showing:

1.Baird UDX ultrasonic nebulizer
2.Inductively coupled plasma-ultrasonic nebulizer system with modified spray chamber
3.Modified ultrasonic nebulizer spray chamber
4.Graph showing calcium concentration with respect to heater tube temperature
5.Diagram showing operation of the ultrasonic nebulizer's sample input and waste output system
6.Diagram showing operation of the ultrasonic nebulizer's flush wash system

7.Spectral intensity of cross-flow and ultrasonic nebulizers
8.Maximum concentration before nonlinearity or saturation of signal is reached for ultrasonic
and cross-flow nebulizers
9.Calcium sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
10.Iron sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
11.Magnesium sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
12.Manganese sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
13.Silica sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
14.Sodium sample concentrations for ultrasonic and cross-flow nebulizers
15.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration calcium sample
16.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration iron sample
17.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration magnesium sample
18.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration manganese sample
19.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration silica sample
20.Normal and rinse wash carryover of high-concentration sodium sample

For Inquiries Contact: Jon W. Raese (jwraese@usgs.gov)